As in other countries located in earthquake zones, it is of utmost importance in Turkey that buildings where people reside are earthquake-resistant. Earthquake-resistant structures can prevent loss of life and property caused by natural disasters such as earthquakes. The earthquake resistance of a building depends on several factors, from the geological and geographical characteristics of the construction site to the materials used during construction, and even the static project applied. The choices and practices made during and before construction are key elements affecting the durability of a building. However, factors such as neglecting maintenance after construction, insufficient or nonexistent waterproofing, can also affect the earthquake resistance of the building. Here are five essential features a building must have to be considered earthquake-resistant.

Compatibility with the Ground on Which the Structure is Built

To construct an earthquake-resistant building, the nature of the land on which the building will be constructed must first be understood, and the design must be tailored to the specific characteristics of that land. Site analysis and the selection of an appropriate foundation system, such as a raft or pile foundation, depending on the soil’s structure, are essential characteristics to minimize the risks posed by the site. These measures ensure the building is less affected by the risks created by the ground.

Architecturally Designed for Balance and Strength

For a building to be earthquake-resistant, it must be constructed with seismic design in mind. In this design method, the structure must not only account for vertical loads, such as the furniture inside, people, or snow on the roof, but also the horizontal forces exerted by an earthquake. Architects and engineers work together by studying past earthquakes to calculate the probable seismic loads that the structure may encounter and shape the project accordingly.

High-Quality and Project-Appropriate Construction Materials

While seismic design is essential for making a building earthquake-resistant, it is not sufficient by itself. The design becomes functional only when combined with correct execution. For example, a building that is theoretically earthquake-resistant on paper may face collapse risks during a real earthquake if built with low-quality or unsuitable materials and workmanship. Therefore, it is crucial to select the right construction materials and ensure that they are applied according to legal regulations and earthquake codes, as well as the structural system chosen for the project.

Effective Waterproofing for Concrete Longevity

Another fundamental feature of earthquake-resistant buildings is ensuring that the building’s waterproofing is adequate. Although materials like steel and concrete are extremely durable, they can shorten in lifespan if not properly protected from environmental effects. Due to insufficient or ineffective waterproofing, the structural materials of the building may corrode over time, losing their optimal load-bearing capacity. This leads to premature aging of the building and leaves it vulnerable to the destructive effects of an earthquake.

Compliance with Earthquake Codes and Standards

For a building to be earthquake-resistant, it must not only be resistant to collapse during an earthquake but also retain its functionality afterward, without suffering major damage that could lead to further loss of life or property. Earthquake regulations created by examining the characteristics and effects of past earthquakes aim to ensure that buildings are earthquake-resistant. These regulations specify various factors, such as the compatibility of the structure with the soil, the design for earthquake loads, and the quality and quantity of materials to be used. Therefore, compliance with mandatory earthquake regulations is vital for ensuring that buildings are earthquake-resistant.